Labels and Power: How Words Shape the Way We See Ourselves and Others

Words hold immense power. They can inspire, heal, divide, or destroy. One of the most profound ways in which words impact our lives is through the use of labels — terms and phrases that categorise people, ideas, and experiences. Labels can be mundane, such as names or titles, or they can carry significant weight, influencing perceptions and shaping identities on both personal and societal levels. From institutional labels such as ‘criminal’ or ‘citizen’ to casual descriptors of personality such as ‘lazy’ or ‘hardworking’, the language we use holds the potential to reinforce existing power dynamics or challenge them.

This blog post will explore how labels shape individual and group identities, fuel biases, and influence power dynamics in society. We will examine the psychology behind labels, explore the societal implications of who gets to define labels, analyse the stereotypes reinforced by language, and discuss the evolution of politically correct language. Furthermore, we will delve into the intersection of labels and identity, internalisation, resistance, and the importance of language awareness in promoting empathy.

The Psychology Behind Labels

Cognitive Shortcuts

At the core of our understanding of labels lies cognitive psychology. Humans are wired to take mental shortcuts when processing the world around them. Labels serve as cognitive schemas, allowing us to categorise our experiences quickly. By grouping individuals into predefined categories, the brain simplifies complex social dynamics, but this categorisation can also lead to oversimplification and distortion of reality.

For instance, if a child is labelled as a ‘troublemaker’ in school, this label can shape not only how teachers perceive the child’s behaviour but also how the child perceives themselves. The child might begin to act in accordance with the label, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy where their identity is cemented in the eyes of their peers and educators.

Confirmation Bias

Once a label is assigned, it can colour all future perceptions of that person or group. This phenomenon is closely related to confirmation bias — the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs. For instance, if someone is categorised as an ‘immigrant’, all subsequent actions or characteristics may be interpreted through that lens, often leading to negative assumptions, whether concerning their work ethic or intentions.

This bias is particularly pronounced in childhood and education. A teacher who views a student as ‘gifted’ may provide them with opportunities and encouragement, while a student labelled as ‘lazy’ may receive less support and fewer opportunities to excel. Labels thus not only shape immediate perceptions but can also have far-reaching effects on a person’s life trajectory.

Labels in Society: Who Gets to Define Whom?

The power dynamics behind labelling are significant. Labels can be employed by governments, media, and institutions to consolidate control and define societal norms. The institution essentially dictates who gets to define whom, often marginalising individual agency. 

Reinforcing Social Hierarchies

Consider the contrasting labels ‘illegal alien’ and ‘undocumented immigrant’. The former tends to dehumanise individuals and portray them as criminals, while the latter offers a more neutral characterisation. The choice of labels can reinforce social hierarchies, influencing public perception and debate.

Similarly, in India, the terminology used to describe marginalised communities, such as ‘scheduled castes’ or ‘dalits’, carries historic baggage. The former, a government designation and constitutional protective measure, can be seen as empowering, while the latter, often wielded by social opponents, can carry a derogatory connotation. The language — though seemingly neutral — carries implicit judgments and power dynamics that dictate societal views.

Naming and Framing in Media and Politics

In media and politics, the concept of naming and framing is essential. How an event is labelled in the news can shape public opinion. For example, the portrayal of protests can vary from being labelled ‘riots’ to ‘uprisings,’ which fundamentally changes the narrative surrounding the events and influences public sentiment.

During the pandemic, the terms used to refer to COVID-19 further demonstrated the power of labels. Describing the virus as the ‘Chinese virus’ versus COVID-19 influenced not only perceptions of its origins but also led to discrimination against East Asian communities globally. Such examples highlight the responsibility that comes with the language, especially in influential platforms.

Stereotypes and Biases Reinforced by Language

Language plays a critical role in reinforcing societal stereotypes and biases. The labels we use can perpetuate harmful generalisations about race, gender, profession, class, and nationality.

Media Portrayal and Everyday Speech

Consider the representation of women in media. The terms ‘bossy’ or ‘assertive’ are often applied based on perceived gender roles. When a woman is labelled as ‘bossy’, it can diminish her authority in professional settings, whereas a man exhibiting similar behaviour may be described as ‘assertive’ or ‘a natural leader’. These differing labels illustrate the deep-rooted biases present in everyday speech, which are frequently echoed and amplified by media representation.

Linguistic Profiling

Linguistic profiling is a real-world consequence of labelling based on language. This concept refers to the practice of judging people on the basis of their speech patterns, accents, or vocabulary. In job hiring processes, candidates with certain names or accents may be discriminated against, influencing their opportunities unfairly. For instance, in Western countries, studies have shown that résumés with names perceived as ‘ethnic’ receive fewer callbacks, regardless of qualifications. This form of discrimination is pervasive, extending to policing and housing as well.

In Indian contexts, the ability to speak English fluently is often viewed as an indicator of education and social status. This linguistic hierarchy elevates English speakers and often denigrates those who communicate in regional languages, contributing to deep-seated class and caste divides.

The Evolution and Politics of Politically Correct Language

Language is dynamic, and its evolution often reflects shifts in cultural consciousness. Historically, political correctness emerged as an attempt to promote inclusivity; it also sparked debates surrounding free speech.

Historical Shifts in Language

Consider the evolution from ‘Negro’ to ‘African American’ or ‘handicapped’ to ‘person with a disability’. These transitions illustrate attempts to acknowledge the dignity and humanity of marginalised groups. The choice of language can uplift, but it can also provoke backlash, as seen in debates about political correctness.

The Debate Around Political Correctness

Advocates for inclusive language argue that it reduces stigma and fosters acceptance, whereas opponents claim it restricts free expression. This ongoing discourse highlights the complexities surrounding identity politics and individual freedoms. The glib use of certain labels can evoke strong emotional responses, as those who feel represented by a term might find that its casual usage trivialises their experiences.

Language Reclamation

Language reclamation presents another avenue through which marginalised groups can redefine their identities. Terms that were once derogatory can be reappropriated to promote empowerment. For example, the LGBTQ+ community’s reclamation of the term ‘queer’ serves as a potent expression of identity and defiance against societal ostracisation.

In the groundbreaking film Super Deluxe, directed by Thiagarajan Kumararaja, the character of an intersex individual, played by the talented actor Vijay Sethupathi, navigates societal perceptions and challenges surrounding their identity. The film portrays the complexities of gender identity and the struggle against societal labels that reduce individuals to mere stereotypes. Through heartfelt storytelling and a nuanced portrayal, the character not only defies conventional classifications but also advocates for self-acceptance and authenticity. This representation highlights the power of reclaiming identity and the language associated with it, ultimately fostering greater understanding and acceptance within society. Such narratives are pivotal in reshaping public discourse around gender and identity, illustrating the strength found in embracing one’s true self.

Labels and Identity: Internalisation and Resistance

The interplay between labels and identity is complex. People internalise labels — whether they are positive or negative — often leading to what sociologists call the ‘self-fulfilling prophecy.’

Internalising Labels

When individuals internalise negative labels, they may begin to believe in their limitations. A student labelled as ‘dysfunctional’ might not seek help for fear of confirming that label, leading to a vicious cycle of underachievement. Conversely, a label like ‘gifted’ can motivate a student to reach their potential.

Code-Switching

The concept of code-switching also emerges as individuals navigate different social contexts. Code-switching entails altering one’s language, dialect, and expression depending on the environment. In many cases, marginalised individuals adopt mainstream labels or language to gain acceptance or avoid discrimination. This adaptive behaviour reflects the necessity of negotiating identities in response to external perceptions.

Resistance Against Labels

Individuals and groups can resist and redefine oppressive labels. Movements such as ‘Say Her Name’ have sought to bring attention to the violence against Black women while challenging the labels that often sanitise or ignore their realities. Renaming streets after victims or utilising platforms to tell their stories are forms of reclaiming identity and agency.

In India, movements such as #MeToo have been pivotal in challenging existing labels surrounding women and sexuality. Women coming forward with their stories have redefined their narratives from victims to survivors and advocates, shifting public perception and demanding accountability. These movements illustrate the fight against labels that seek to diminish identity and core humanity.

Language Learning and Awareness: Teaching Empathy Through Words

The language we use when teaching can serve as a powerful tool for promoting empathy. English language classrooms can become safe spaces to explore issues of labels and bias.

Promoting Critical Thinking

Teachers can incorporate activities that promote discussions about language, encouraging learners to reflect critically on their choice of words and the implications those choices bear. This process not only develops linguistic skills but also fosters emotional intelligence by encouraging empathy. Using literature that explores themes of identity, for example, allows learners to engage with diverse perspectives and reflect on their language use.

Exploration of Values in Language

Encouraging learners to explore how language reflects values, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds empowers them to choose words more mindfully. Learners can examine how labels affect their lives and those around them, promoting a culture of respect and inclusivity. This approach not only enhances linguistic competence but also fosters socially conscious individuals who engage thoughtfully with the world.

Conclusion

As we navigate the complexities around labels, we must acknowledge the immense responsibility that comes with our words. Recognising the power of language is vital for promoting understanding and social justice. By being aware of word choices, questioning labels, and practising inclusive language, we can create more empathetic and accepting environments. 

To encapsulate this thought-provoking journey into the world of labels and power, consider this question: If the labels we use shape reality, what reality do we want to create? The answers lie not just in the words we choose but in the societal actions they inspire. 

Markers of identity may be anchored in language, but the true essence of humanity transcends labels. It is our responsibility to construct a reality where inclusivity and understanding reign, forging connections across the varied spectrum of identities that make up our world.